What impact does soil compaction have on plant health?

Soil compaction significantly restricts root growth and reduces aeration, which are critical factors for overall plant health. When soil becomes compacted, the spaces between soil particles, known as pore spaces, decrease. This reduction in pore space makes it difficult for roots to penetrate the soil and access the nutrients and water they need. Additionally, compaction leads to a decrease in airflow in the soil, limiting the oxygen available to plant roots, which is essential for their respiration and growth.

Roots require both space to grow and access to oxygen, and when compaction occurs, it creates a tough environment for roots to successfully expand. This can lead to stunted growth, poor plant health, and overall decline in vigor. Healthy soil structure, with adequate porosity and aeration, is vital for maintaining strong root systems and promoting robust plant development.

The other choices do not accurately reflect the impact of soil compaction. For example, it does not increase nutrient retention; rather, it hinders the soil's ability to retain nutrients due to reduced microbial activity and less effective organic matter decomposition. Enhanced water drainage is also an incorrect assertion, as compacted soil tends to hold water and can lead to issues such as waterlogging. Lastly, while microbial activity is essential