What are some common indicators of soil health?

The selection of microbial activity, organic matter content, and nutrient levels as indicators of soil health is based on the understanding that these factors significantly affect soil ecosystems.

Microbial activity serves as a vital indicator because it reflects the biological processes occurring within the soil. A healthy soil microbiome helps decompose organic matter, cycle nutrients, and support plant growth. Increased microbial activity often correlates with greater fertility and the ability of soil to sustain crops and vegetation.

Organic matter content is crucial for soil health, as it improves soil structure, enhances water retention, and provides a reservoir of nutrients. Soils rich in organic matter also support diverse biological communities, fostering resilience to erosion and other environmental stresses.

Nutrient levels are another essential aspect of soil health. Adequate levels of macronutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and micronutrients are necessary for robust plant growth and overall ecosystem functioning. Monitoring nutrient levels helps assess whether soils can meet the demands of crops or landscapes.

In contrast, the other choices do not encompass the broad and nuanced indicators of soil health. Surface color and texture can provide some visual cues about soil properties but lack the comprehensive insight into biological and chemical activity. Focusing solely on soil temperature and moisture—or the presence of